Research & Evidence
At TMS & Neurofeedback of Reno-Tahoe, we are committed to evidence-based practices. We believe in transparency and providing our clients with access to the scientific research that supports the efficacy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Neurofeedback. Below you will find a curated selection of publications, studies, and informational videos that highlight the benefits and mechanisms of these innovative approaches.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Research
TMS is a well-researched and FDA-approved treatment for various conditions. The following resources offer insights into its scientific basis and clinical applications.
Addiction
Anxiety
Depression
Epilepsy
Migraines
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
INTRODUCTION TO TMS
Mayo Clinic (2023). Overview of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.
OVERVIEW: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of major depression. It's called a "noninvasive" procedure because it's done without using surgery or cutting the skin. Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), TMS usually is used only when other depression treatments haven't been effective. The FDA also approved TMS for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), migraines and to help people stop smoking when standard treatments haven't worked well. Research continues into other potential uses for TMS, including epilepsy.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/about/pac-20384625
Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A. (2009). Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120(12), 2008–2039.
ABSTRACT: Over the past decade the scientific and medical community has had the opportunity to evaluate the safety record of research studies and clinical applications of TMS and repetitive TMS (rTMS). In these years the number of applications of conventional TMS has grown impressively, new
paradigms of stimulation have been developed (e.g., patterned repetitive TMS) and technical
advances have led to new device designs and to the real-time integration of TMS with electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI). Thousands of healthy subjects and patients with various neurological
and psychiatric diseases have undergone TMS allowing a better assessment of relative risks. The
occurrence of seizures (i.e., the most serious TMS-related acute adverse effect) has been extremely
rare, with most of the few new cases receiving rTMS exceeding previous guidelines, often in
patients under treatment with drugs which potentially lower the seizure threshold.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3260536/pdf/nihms-248023.pdf
ADDICTION
Dinur-Klein L, Dannon PN, Hadar A, et al. (2014). Smoking cessation induced by deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal and insular cortices: a prospective, randomized, double-blind sham-controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry, 76(9), 742–749.
ABSTRACT: Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in developed countries. Our previous studies in animal models and humans suggest that repeated activation of cue-induced craving networks followed by electromagnetic stimulation of the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC) can cause lasting reductions in drug craving and consumption. We hypothesized that disruption of these circuitries by deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the PFC and insula bilaterally can induce smoking cessation. Conclusions: This study further implicates the lateral PFC and insula in nicotine addiction and suggests the use of deep high-frequency TMS of these regions following presentation of smoking cues as a promising treatment strategy.
https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0006-3223%2814%2900387-4
ANXIETY
Cirillo, P., Gold, A. K., Nardi, A. E., Ornelas, A. C., Nierenberg, A. A., Camprodon, J., & Kinrys, G. (2019). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in anxiety and trauma-related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain and behavior, 9(6), e01284.
ABSTRACT: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been evaluated as an effective treatment option for patients with major depressive disorder. However, there are limited studies that have evaluated the efficacy of TMS for other neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and trauma-related disorders. We reviewed the literature that has evaluated TMS as a treatment for anxiety and trauma-related disorders. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis suggests that TMS may be an effective treatment for GAD and PTSD.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.1284
AUTISM
Baruth, J. M., Casanova, M. F., El-Baz, A., Horrell, T., Mathai, G., Sears, L., & Sokhadze, E. (2010). Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Modulates Evoked-Gamma Frequency Oscillations in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Journal of neurotherapy, 14(3), 179–194.
ABSTRACT: It has been reported that individuals with Autism Spectrum
Disorder (ASD) have abnormal reactions to the sensory environment and visuo-perceptual abnormalities. Electrophysiological research has provided evidence that gamma band activity (30–80 Hz) is a physiological indicator of the coactivation of cortical cells engaged in processing visual stimuli and integrating different features of a stimulus. A number of studies have found augmented and indiscriminative gamma band power at early stages of visual processing in ASD; this may be related to decreased inhibitory processing and an increase in the ratio of cortical excitation to inhibition. Low frequency or ‘‘slow’’ (1HZ) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to increase inhibition of stimulated cortex by the activation of inhibitory circuits. Conclusions: We propose that slow rTMS may have increased cortical inhibitory tone, which improved discriminatory gamma activity at early stages of visual processing. rTMS has the potential to become an important therapeutic tool in ASD treatment and has shown significant benefits in treating core symptoms of ASD with few, if any side effects.
https://www.isnr-jnt.org/article/view/16602
DEPRESSION
Akpınar, K., Oğuzhanoğlu, N. K., & Uğurlu, T. T. (2022). Efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Turkish journal of medical sciences, 52(4), 1344–1354.
ABSTRACT: The use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in the add-on treatment of patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is becoming more common. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of TMS on depression and accompanying anxiety symptoms among patients with TRD. Conclusions: This randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, cross-over study revealed that TMS is superior to sham-TMS, provides clinically significant improvement when implemented besides pharmacotherapy among patients with treatment-resistant depression, and is beneficial for accompanying anxiety symptoms.
https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5469&context=medical
Avery, D. H., Holtzheimer, P. E., 3rd, Fawaz, W., Russo, J., Neumaier, J., Dunner, D. L., Haynor, D. R., Claypoole, K. H., Wajdik, C., & Roy-Byrne, P. (2006). A controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant major depression. Biological psychiatry, 59(2), 187–194.
ABSTRACT: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a treatment for depression has shown statistically significant effects, but the clinical significance of these effects has been questioned. Conclusions: Transcranial magnetic stimulation can produce statistically and clinically significant antidepressant effects in patients with medication-resistant major depression.
https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(05)00849-8/abstract
Blumberger, D. M., Mulsant, B. H., Thorpe, K. E., McClintock, S. M., Konstantinou, G. N., Lee, H. H., Nestor, S. M., Noda, Y., Rajji, T. K., Trevizol, A. P., Vila-Rodriguez, F., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Downar, J. (2022). Effectiveness of Standard Sequential Bilateral Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation vs Bilateral Theta Burst Stimulation in Older Adults With Depression: The FOUR-D Randomized Noninferiority Clinical Trial. JAMA psychiatry, 79(11), 1065–1073.
ABSTRACT: Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is common in older adults. Bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for 48 minutes has demonstrated efficacy in TRD. Theta burst stimulation (TBS), a newer form of rTMS, can also be delivered bilaterally using left intermittent TBS and right continuous TBS for only 4 minutes. Conclusions: In older adults with TRD, bilateral TBS compared with standard bilateral rTMS achieved noninferior reduction in depression symptoms. Both treatments had low and similar dropout rates. Using TBS rather than rTMS could increase access to treatment several-fold for older adults with TRD.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2796747
Blumberger, D. M., Vila-Rodriguez, F., Thorpe, K. E., Feffer, K., Noda, Y., Giacobbe, P., Knyahnytska, Y., Kennedy, S. H., Lam, R. W., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Downar, J. (2018). Effectiveness of theta burst versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression (THREE-D): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet (London, England), 391(10131), 1683–1692.
ABSTRACT: Treatment-resistant major depressive disorder is common; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) by use of high-frequency (10 Hz) left-side dorsolateral prefrontal cortex stimulation is an evidence-based treatment for this disorder. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a newer form of rTMS that can be delivered in 3 min, versus 37·5 min for a standard 10 Hz treatment session. We aimed to establish the clinical effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of iTBS compared with standard 10 Hz rTMS in adults with treatment-resistant depression. Conclusions: In patients with treatment-resistant depression, iTBS was non-inferior to 10 Hz rTMS for the treatment of depression. Both treatments had low numbers of dropouts and similar side-effects, safety, and tolerability profiles. By use of iTBS, the number of patients treated per day with current rTMS devices can be increased several times without compromising clinical effectiveness.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)30295-2/abstract
Eranti, S., Mogg, A., Pluck, G., Landau, S., Purvis, R., Brown, R. G., Howard, R., Knapp, M., Philpot, M., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Romeo, R., Rothwell, J., Edwards, D., & McLoughlin, D. M. (2007). A randomized, controlled trial with 6-month follow-up of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy for severe depression. The American journal of psychiatry, 164(1), 73–81.
ABSTRACT: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been reported to be as effective as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depression. The authors conducted a multicenter randomized, controlled trial to test the equivalence of rTMS with ECT. Conclusions: rTMS was not as effective as ECT, and ECT was substantially more effective for the short-term treatment of depression.
https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/epdf/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.73
Fitzgerald, P. B., Brown, T. L., Marston, N. A., Daskalakis, Z. J., De Castella, A., & Kulkarni, J. (2003). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of general psychiatry, 60(10), 1002–1008.
ABSTRACT: High-frequency left-sided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HFL-TMS) has been shown to have antidepressant effects in double-blind trials. Low-frequency stimulation to the right prefrontal cortex (LFR-TMS) has also shown promise, although it has not been assessed in treatment-resistant depression and its effects have not been compared with those of HFL-TMS. Conclusions: Both HFL-TMS and LFR-TMS have treatment efficacy in patients with medication-resistant major depression. Treatment for at least 4 weeks is necessary for clinically meaningful benefits to be achieved. Treatment with LFR-TMS may prove to be an appropriate initial repetitive TMS strategy in depression taking into account safety, tolerability, and efficacy considerations.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/207938
Janicak, P. G., Dunner, D. L., Aaronson, S. T., Carpenter, L. L., Boyadjis, T. A., Brock, D. G., Cook, I. A., Lanocha, K., Solvason, H. B., Bonneh-Barkay, D., & Demitrack, M. A. (2013). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for major depression: a multisite, naturalistic, observational study of quality of life outcome measures in clinical practice. CNS spectrums, 18(6), 322–332.
Levkovitz, Y., Isserles, M., Padberg, F., Lisanby, S.H., Bystritsky, A., Xia, G., Tendler, A., Daskalakis, Z.J., Winston, J.L., Dannon, P., Hafez, H.M., Reti, I.M., Morales, O.G., Schlaepfer, T.E., Hollander, E., Berman, J.A., Husain, M.M., Sofer, U., Stein, A., Adler, S., Deutsch, L., Deutsch, F., Roth, Y., George, M.S. and Zangen, A. (2015). Efficacy and safety of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depression: a prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial. World Psychiatry, 14: 64-73.
ABSTRACT: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an effective and safe therapy for major depressive disorder (MDD). This study assessed quality of life (QOL) and functional status outcomes for depressed patients after an acute course of TMS. Conclusions: These data confirm that TMS is effective in the acute treatment of MDD in routine clinical practice settings. This symptom benefit is accompanied by statistically and clinically meaningful improvements in patient-reported QOL and functional status outcomes.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wps.20199
Vida, R. G., Sághy, E., Bella, R., Kovács, S., Erdősi, D., Józwiak-Hagymásy, J., Zemplényi, A., Tényi, T., Osváth, P., & Voros, V. (2023). Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adjunctive therapy for major depressive disorder (MDD) after two antidepressant treatment failures: meta-analysis of randomized sham-controlled trials. BMC psychiatry, 23(1), 545.
ABSTRACT: Several meta-analyses demonstrated the efficacy of unilateral High-Frequency Left-sided (HFL) repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD); however, results are contradictory due to heterogeneity of the included studies. Conclusions: rTMS is significantly more effective than sham rTMS in TRD in response and remission outcomes and may be beneficial as an adjunctive treatment in patients with MDD after two treatment failures. This finding is consistent with previous meta-analyses; however, the effect size was smaller than in the formerly published literature.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12888-023-05033-y#citeas
Yıldız, T., Oğuzhanoğlu, N. K., & Topak, O. Z. (2023). Cognitive outcomes of transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized controlled study. Turkish journal of medical sciences, 53(1), 253–263.
ABSTRACT: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant cause of workforce loss, and is associated with cognitive impairments which can continue even after the elimination of mood and behavioural symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the benefit of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on cognitive functions in treatment resistant depression. Conclusions: TMS was seen to improve the cognitive defects present in the active phase of treatment-resistant depression, and therefore
TMS could provide early improvement in cognitive functions in clinical use.
https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5580&context=medical
O'Reardon, J. P., Solvason, H. B., Janicak, P. G., Sampson, S., Isenberg, K. E., Nahas, Z., McDonald, W. M., Avery, D., Fitzgerald, P. B., Loo, C., Demitrack, M. A., George, M. S., & Sackeim, H. A. (2007). Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biological psychiatry, 62(11), 1208–1216.
ABSTRACT: We tested whether transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is effective and safe in the acute treatment of major depression. Conclusions: Transcranial magnetic stimulation was effective in treating major depression with minimal side effects reported. It offers clinicians a novel alternative for the treatment of this disorder.
https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(07)00146-1/abstract
Voigt, J., Carpenter, L., & Leuchter, A. (2019). A systematic literature review of the clinical efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in non-treatment resistant patients with major depressive disorder. BMC psychiatry, 19(1), 13.
ABSTRACT: The clinical efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treatment resistant patients (at least 4 medication trials) appears to be well accepted and forms the coverage policies and rTMS’s use in many of the largest US payers. However, less is known about rTMS’s use in patients who have undergone ≤1 failed medication trial. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the clinical efficacy of rTMS in patients after ≤1 medication trials. Conclusions: The use of rTMS in patients after ≤1 medication trial should be considered. US payers should consider revising their coverage policies to include the use of rTMS in these patients.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12888-018-1989-z
TMS for Women Facing Hormonal Mood Disorders (2025). Bella Vida TMS.
SUMMARY: Hormonal mood disorders happen when natural hormone changes throw off brain chemistry. Common types include:
PMDD: Severe mood swings, irritability, and depression before your period
Postpartum Depression: Sadness, fatigue, or anxiety after childbirth
Perimenopausal Mood Disorder: Depression and brain fog leading up to menopause
These are real, medical conditions, not emotional weakness. Many women are prescribed antidepressants, but they don’t always work. Hormones change fast, and medications can take weeks or months to help, if they help at all. Even therapy may not be enough when your brain is battling against hormone-triggered imbalances every single day. That’s where TMS comes in.
https://bellavidatms.com/treatment/women-facing-hormonal-mood-disorders/
OCD
Carmi, L., Tendler, A., Bystritsky, A., Hollander, E., Blumberger, D. M., Daskalakis, J., Ward, H., Lapidus, K., Goodman, W., Casuto, L., Feifel, D., Barnea-Ygael, N., Roth, Y., Zangen, A., & Zohar, J. (2022). Efficacy and Safety of Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Prospective Multicenter Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing), 20(1), 152–159.
ABSTRACT: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and disabling condition that often responds unsatisfactorily to pharmacological and psychological treatments. Converging evidence suggests a dysfunction of the cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuit in OCD, and a previous feasibility study indicated beneficial effects of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) targeting the medial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. The authors examined the therapeutic effect of dTMS in a multicenter double-blind sham-controlled study. Conclusions: High-frequency dTMS over the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex significantly improved OCD symptoms and may be considered as a potential intervention for patients who do not respond adequately to pharmacological and psychological interventions.
https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/epdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101180
PTSD
Cirillo, P., Gold, A. K., Nardi, A. E., Ornelas, A. C., Nierenberg, A. A., Camprodon, J., & Kinrys, G. (2019). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in anxiety and trauma-related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain and behavior, 9(6), e01284.
ABSTRACT: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been evaluated as an effective treatment option for patients with major depressive disorder. However, there are limited studies that have evaluated the efficacy of TMS for other neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and trauma-related disorders. We reviewed the literature that has evaluated TMS as a treatment for anxiety and trauma-related disorders. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis suggests that TMS may be an effective treatment for GAD and PTSD.
Understanding TMS
This video showcases a patient’s journey and experience with TMS treatment.
Understanding Neurofeedback
This video briefly explains the principles and process of neurofeedback.
Neurofeedback Research
Neurofeedback is a growing field with an expanding body of research demonstrating its effectiveness in promoting brain self-regulation and improving various cognitive and emotional functions.
Neurofeedback
Infra-Low Frequency (ILF) Neurofeedback
Addiction
ADHD, ADD
Aging Brain
Alzheimer’s & Dementia
Anxiety
Autism
Behavior & Emotional Control
Brain Fog
Brain Injury, Concussion, TBI
Cerebral Palsy
Chronic Diseases, Lyme’s Disease
Depression
Dizziness
Eating Disorders
Epilepsy & Seizures
Fibromyalgia
Insomnia & Sleep
Migraines & Headaches
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Learning Disabilities, Dyslexia
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Pain
Parkinson’s Disease
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Trauma Resolution
Schizophrenia
Sensory Processing
Speech & Language
Stroke
Tinnitus
Tourette Syndrome & Tic Disorders
Vertigo
INTRODUCTION TO NEUROFEEDBACK
Abarbanel, A. (1995). Gates, States, Rhythms, and Resonance: The Scientific Basis of Neurofeedback Training. Journal of Neurotherapy, 1(2), 15–38.
https://isnr.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/cba323_cba70345f1444504b5f1aed8564e4900.pdf
Altan, S., Berberoglu, B., Canan, S., & Dane, Ş. (2016). Effects of neurofeedback therapy in healthy young subjects. Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale, 39(6), 27496.
https://utppublishing.com/doi/pdf/10.25011/cim.v39i6.27496
https://isnr-jnt.org/article/view/16627
Arns, Martijn & Kleinnijenhuis, Michiel & Fallahpour, Kamran & Breteler, Rien. (2007). Golf Performance Enhancement and Real-Life Neurofeedback Training Using Personalized Event-Locked EEG Profiles. Journal of Neurotherapy. 11. 11-18. 10.1080/10874200802149656.
Bazanova, O. M., & Aftanas, L. I. (2010). Individual EEG Alpha Activity Analysis for Enhancement Neurofeedback Efficiency: Two Case Studies. Journal of Neurotherapy, 14(3), 244–253.
https://www.isnr-jnt.org/article/view/16607
Bhayee, S., Tomaszewski, P., Lee, D. H., Moffat, G., Pino, L., Moreno, S., & Farb, N. A. (2016). Attentional and affective consequences of technology supported mindfulness training: a randomised, active control, efficacy trial. BMC psychology, 4(1), 60.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5127005/pdf/40359_2016_Article_168.pdf
Birbaumer, N & Elbert, Thomas & Canavan, A. & Rockstroh, Brigitte. (1990). Slow potentials of the cerebral cortex and behavior. Physiological reviews. 70. 1-41. 10.1152/physrev.1990.70.1.1.
https://d-nb.info/1103667564/34
Boynton, T. (2001). Applied Research Using Alpha/Theta Training for Enhancing Creativity and Well-Being. Journal of Neurotherapy, 5(1–2), 5–18.
https://scispace.com/pdf/applied-research-using-alpha-theta-training-for-enhancing-35p548o0hu.pdf
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/27/28/7498.full.pdf
Brody, S., Rau, H., Köhler, F. et al. Slow cortical potential biofeedback and the startle reflex. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation19, 1–11 (1994).
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01720666
Budzynski, T. H., Budzynski, H., K., Evans, J. R., Abarbanel, A. Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback (Second Edition), Academic Press, 2009, ISBN 9780123745347.
Cannon, Rex. (2012). LORETA Neurofeedback: Odd Reports, Observations, and Findings Associated with Spatial Specific Neurofeedback Training. Journal of Neurotherapy. 16. 164-167. 10.1080/10874208.2012.677611.
https://isnr-jnt.org/article/view/16536
Caria, A., Sitaram, R., Veit, R., Begliomini, C., & Birbaumer, N. Volitional Control of Anterior Insula Activity Modulates the Response to Aversive Stimuli. A Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Biological Psychiatry, 2010; 68, 425-432
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000632231000404X
Caria, A., Veit, R., Sitaram, R., Lotze, M., Weiskopf, N., Grodd, W. & Birbaumer, N. Regulation of anterior insular cortex activity using real-time fMRI, NeuroImage, Volume 35, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 1238-1246, ISSN 1053-8119.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1053811907000389?via%3Dihub
Dobrushina OR, Vlasova RM, Rumshiskaya AD, Litvinova LD, Mershina EA, Sinitsyn VE and Pechenkova EV (2020) Modulation of Intrinsic Brain Connectivity by Implicit Electroencephalographic Neurofeedback. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 14:192. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00192
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00192/full
Edmonds, A., Tenenbaum, G. Case Studies in Applied Psychophysiology: Neurofeedback and Biofeedback Treatments for Advances in Human Performance, 2011, ISBN:9781119959984, DOI:10.1002/9781119959984.
Galang EV, Velásquez MA, Elcin D, O'Connell S, Wieck J, McNair S and Colombo PJ (2025) Systematic review and meta-analysisof the relationships between real-time neurofeedback training parameters and acquisition of neural modulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 19:1652607. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1652607
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2025.1652607/full
Hardman E, Gruzelier J, Cheesman K, Jones C, Liddiard D, Schleichert H, Birbaumer N. Frontal interhemispheric asymmetry: self regulation and individual differences in humans, Neuroscience Letters, Volume 221, Issues 2–3, 1997, Pages 117-120, ISSN 0304-3940.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304394096133036?via%3Dihub
Kirk, Hanno W. (2020). Restoring the brain: Neurofeedback as an integrative approach to health (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge, ISBN: 978-0-36-722586-5.
Legarda, S. B., McMahon, D., Othmer, S., & Othmer, S. (2011). Clinical neurofeedback: case studies, proposed mechanism, and implications for pediatric neurology practice. Journal of child neurology, 26(8), 1045–1051.
https://www.eeginfo.com/research/researchpapers/Clinical.NF.Proposed.Mechanism.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0301051182900187?via%3Dihub
Nan W, Rodrigues JP, Ma J, Qu X, Wan F, Mak PI, Mak PU, Vai MI, and Rosa A. Individual alpha neurofeedback training effect on short term memory, International Journal of Psychophysiology, Volume 86, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 83-87, ISSN 0167-8760.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167876012005478?via%3Dihub
Onagawa, R., Muraoka, Y., Hagura, N., Takemi, M. An investigation of the effectiveness of neurofeedback training on motor performance in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis, NeuroImage, Volume 270, 2023, 120000, ISSN 1053-8119.
https://www.eeginfo.com/research/researchpapers/Neuromodulation_Technologies.pdf
https://www.eeginfo.com/research/research_text.jsp
https://www.eeginfo.com/research/researchpapers/Clinical.NF.Training.Brain.Behavior.pdf
Othmer, Siegfried. (2015). History of neurofeedback. 10.1201/b18671-4.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300213971_History_of_neurofeedback
https://www.eeginfo.com/research/researchpapers/Research-w-Othmer-Method-2017.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318450194_Toward_a_Frequency-based_Theory_of_Neurofeedback
https://eeg-media.s3.amazonaws.com/research/Milestones+in+the+Development+of+the+Othmer+Method.pdf
Othmer, Susan F. Chapter 43 - History of the Othmer Method: an evolving clinical model and process, Editor(s): James R. Evans, Mary Blair Dellinger, Harold L. Russell, Neurofeedback: The First 50 Years, Academic Press, 2020, Pages 327-334, ISBN 9780128176597.
https://eeg-media.s3.amazonaws.com/research/History+of+the+Othmer+Method+Sue+Othmer+6+20+20.pdf
Perez TM, Mathew J, Glue P, Adhia DB and De Ridder D (2022) Is There Evidence for the Specificity of Closed-Loop Brain Training in the Treatment of Internalizing Disorders? A Systematic Review. Front. Neurosci. 16:821136. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.821136
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.821136/full
Putman, J. (2000). The Effects of Brief, Eyes-Open Alpha Brain Wave Training with Audio and Video Relaxation Induction on the EEG of 77 Army Reservists. Journal of Neurotherapy, 4(1), 17–28.
https://www.isnr-jnt.org/article/view/17200
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Coben, Robert & PhD, Ilean. (2007). Assessment-Guided Neurofeedback for Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Neurotherapy. 11. 5-23. 10.1300/J184v11n01_02.
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Sasu, R. (2020). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback for Early Development and Childhood Emotional and Behavioral Disorders.
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BRAIN INJURY, CONCUSSION, & TBI
Annaheim C, Hug K, Stumm C, Messerli M, Simon Y and Hund-Georgiadis M (2022) Neurofeedback in patients with frontal brain lesions: A randomized, controlled double-blind trial. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:979723. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.979723
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Bounias, M., Laibow, R. E., Stubblebine, A. N., Sandground, H., & Bonaly, A. (2002). EEG-NeuroBioFeedback Treatment of Patients with Brain Injury Part 4: Duration of Treatments as a Function of Both the Initial Load of Clinical Symptoms and the Rate of Rehabilitation. Journal of Neurotherapy, 6(1), 23–38.
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Byers A.P. (1995). Neurofeedback Therapy for a Mild Head Injury, Journal of Neurotherapy: Investigations in Neuromodulation, Neurofeedback and AppliedNeuroscience, 1:1, 22-37, DOI: 10.1300/J184v01n01_04
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Carlson, J., & Ross, G.W. (2021). Neurofeedback Impact on Chronic Headache, Sleep, and Attention Disorders Experienced by Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study.
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Keller, I. (2001). Neurofeedback Therapy of Attention Deficits in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury, Journal of Neurotherapy: Investigations in Neuromodulation, Neurofeedback and Applied Neuroscience, 5:1-2, 19-32, DOI: 10.1300/J184v05n01_03
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Laibow R.E., Stubblebine A.N., Sandground M.B., Bounias M. (2002). EEG-NeuroBioFeedback Treatment of Patients with Brain Injury Part 3: Cardiac Parameters and Finger Temperature Changes Associated with Rehabilitation, Journal of Neurotherapy: Investigations in Neuromodulation, Neurofeedback and Applied Neuroscience, 6:1, 5-21, DOI: 10.1300/J184v06n01_02
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Legarda S.B., Lahti C.E., McDermott D. and Michas-Martin A. (2022). Use of Novel Concussion Protocol With Infralow Frequency Neuromodulation Demonstrates Significant Treatment Response in Patients With Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms, a Retrospective Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:894758. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.894758
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Schoenberger, N., Shiflett, S., Esty, M., Ochs, L., & Matheis, R. (2001). Flexyx Neurotherapy System in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury: An Initial Evaluation. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 16(3), 260–274.
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CHRONIC DISEASES, ANGIOEDEMA, LYME’S DISEASE
Borchert, N., Eliasson, H., Hamne, G., Hodgson, K., Lyche, T., Mayer-Pelinski, R., Praesto, F., Radu, G., Sandström, U., & Stapleton, P. B. (2023). Learning from Läklabbet: An integrative transdisciplinary eco therapeutic treatment approach designed to promote resource capacity in people recovering from chronic ill health. Manuscript submitted for publication Open Science Framework Registries.
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Brown, V.W. (1995). Neurofeedback and Lyme's Disease: A Clinical Application of the Five Phase Model of CNS Functional Transformation and Integration. Journal of Neurotherapy, 1, 60-73.
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Burns, S. (2015). Neurofeedback in Hereditary Angioedema: A Single Case Study of Symptom Reduction. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback. 40. 10.1007/s10484-015-9288-7.
Abdian, H., Rezaei, M., Eskandari, Z., Ramezani, S., Pirzeh, R., & Dadashi, M. (2021). The Effect of Quantitative Electroencephalography-Based Neurofeedback Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, and Emotion Regulation in People with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Basic and clinical neuroscience, 12(2), 281–290.
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Baehr, E., Rosenfeld, J. P., & Baehr, R. (2001). Clinical Use of an Alpha Asymmetry Neurofeedback Protocol in the Treatment of Mood Disorders: Follow-Up Study One to Five Years Post Therapy. Journal of Neurotherapy, 4(4), 11–18.
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Miller, L. (2004). Changes in Frontal Brain Asymmetry Associated with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: A Single Case Study. Journal of Neurotherapy.
Baehr, E., Rosenfeld, J. P., & Baehr, R. (2001). Clinical Use of an Alpha Asymmetry Neurofeedback Protocol in the Treatment of Mood Disorders: Follow-Up Study One to Five Years Post Therapy. Journal of Neurotherapy, 4(4), 11–18.
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Berg, K., & Siever, D. (2009). A Controlled Comparison of Audio-Visual Entrainment for Treating Seasonal Affective Disorder. Journal of Neurotherapy, 13(3), 166–175.
Cantor, D. S., & Stevens, E. (2009). QEEG Correlates of Auditory-Visual Entrainment Treatment Efficacy of Refractory Depression. Journal of Neurotherapy, 13(2), 100–108.
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Fernández-Alvarez, J., Grassi, M., Colombo, D., Botella, C., Cipresso, P., Perna, G., & Riva, G. (2022). Efficacy of bio- and neurofeedback for depression: a meta-analysis. Psychological medicine, 52(2), 201–216.
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Grin-Yatsenko, V. A., & Kropotov, J. D. (2020): Effect of infra-low frequency neurofeedback on the functional state of the brain in healthy and depressed individuals. In H. W. Kirk (Ed.), Restoring the brain: Neurofeedback as an integrative approach to health (2nd ed.). Routledge, pp. 244-255.
Grin-Yatsenko, V. A., Othmer, S., Ponomarev, V. A., Evdokimov, S. A., Konoplev, Y. Y., & Kropotov, J. D. (2018). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback in Depression: Three case studies. NeuroRegulation, 5(1), 30.
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Kumar, A., Bilker, W., Lavretsky, H., & Gottlieb, G. (2000). Volumetric asymmetries in late-onset mood disorders: an attenuation of frontal asymmetry with depression severity.Psychiatry research, 100(1), 41–47.
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Saxby, E., & Peniston, E. G. (1995). Alpha-theta brainwave neurofeedback training: an effective treatment for male and female alcoholics with depressive symptoms. Journal of clinical psychology, 51(5), 685–693.
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Tschiesner, R. (2023). Infra-Low-Frequency Neurofeedback Treatment in Dysthymia: A Case Study. Behavioral Sciences, 13(9), 711.
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Young, K. D., Siegle, G. J., Zotev, V., Phillips, R., Misaki, M., Yuan, H., Drevets, W. C., & Bodurka, J. (2017). Randomized Clinical Trial of Real-Time fMRI Amygdala Neurofeedback for Major Depressive Disorder: Effects on Symptoms and Autobiographical Memory Recall. The American journal of psychiatry, 174(8), 748–755.
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Sasu R. (2022). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. Case report. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:959579. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.959579
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Bartholdy, S., Musiat, P., Campbell, I. C., & Schmidt, U. (2013). The potential of neurofeedback in the treatment of eating disorders: a review of the literature. European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 21(6), 456–463.
Chirita-Emandi, A., & Puiu, M. (2014). Outcomes of neurofeedback training in childhood obesity management: a pilot study. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 20(11), 831–837.
Leong, S. L., Vanneste, S., Lim, J., Smith, M., Manning, P., & De Ridder, D. (2018). A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial of closed-loop infraslow brain training in food addiction. Scientific reports, 8(1), 11659.
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Winkeler A., Winkeler M. and Imgart H. (2022). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Patients With Chronic Eating Disorder and Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:890682. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.890682
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Andrews, D. J., & Schonfeld, W. H. (1992). Predictive factors for controlling seizures using abehavioural approach. Seizure, 1(2), 111–116.
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Birbaumer, N., Elbert, T., Rockstroh, B., Daum, I., Wolf, P., Canavan, A. (1991). Clinical-Psychological Treatment of Epileptic Seizures: A Controlled Study. In: Ehlers, A., Fiegenbaum, W., Florin, I., Margraf, J. (eds) Perspectives and Promises of Clinical Psychology. Applied Clinical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA.
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Legarda, S. B., McMahon, D., Othmer, S. S. & Othmer, S. S. (2011). Clinical neurofeedback: Case studies, proposed mechanism, and implications for pediatric neurology practice. J. Child Neurol. 26, 1045–1051.
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Schmidt, C., & Laugesen, H. (2023). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback training in Dravet syndrome: A case study. Epilepsy & behavior reports, 22, 100606.
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Berner, I., Schabus, M., Wienerroither, T., & Klimesch, W. (2006). The significance of sigma neurofeedback training on sleep spindles and aspects of declarative memory. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 31(2), 97–114.
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Buckelew, S. P., DeGood, D. E., Taylor, J., Cunningham, N. B., Thornton, J., & MacKewn, A. (2013). Neuroflexibility and Sleep Onset Insomnia Among College Students: Implications for Neurotherapy. Journal of Neurotherapy, 17(2), 106–115.
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Moore P.T. (2022). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback and insomnia as a model of CNS dysregulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:959491. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.959491
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Orakpo N., Yuan C., Olukitibi O., Burdette J. and Arrington K. (2022). Does Virtual Reality Feedback at Infra-Low Frequency Improve Centralized Pain With Comorbid Insomnia While Mitigating Risks for Sedative Use Disorder?: A Case Report. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:915376. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.915376
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Recio-Rodriguez JI, Fernandez-Crespo M, Sanchez-Aguadero N, Gonzalez-Sanchez J, Garcia-Yu IA, Alonso-Dominguez R, Chiu H-Y, Tsai P-S, Lee H-C and Rihuete-Galve MI (2024) Neurofeedback to enhance sleep quality and insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Front. Neurosci. 18:1450163. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1450163
LEARNING DISABILITIES, DYSLEXIA
Becerra, J., Fernández, T., Harmony, T., Caballero, M. I., García, F., Fernández-Bouzas, A., Santiago-Rodríguez, E., & Prado-Alcalá, R. A. (2006). Follow-up study of learning-disabled children treated with neurofeedback or placebo. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 37(3), 198–203.
Breteler, M. H., Arns, M., Peters, S., Giepmans, I., & Verhoeven, L. (2010). Improvements in spelling after QEEG-based neurofeedback in dyslexia: a randomized controlled treatment study. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 35(1), 5–11.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2837193/pdf/10484_2009_Article_9105.pdf
Fernández, T., Herrera, W., Harmony, T., Díaz-Comas, L., Santiago, E., Sánchez, L., Bosch, J., Fernández-Bouzas, A., Otero, G., Ricardo-Garcell, J., Barraza, C., Aubert, E., Galán, L., & Valdés, R. (2003). EEG and behavioral changes following neurofeedback treatment in learning disabled children. Clinical EEG (electroencephalography), 34(3), 145–152.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/155005940303400308
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Nazari, M.A., Mosanezhad, E., Hashemi, T., & Jahan, A. (2012). The effectiveness of neurofeedback training on EEG coherence and neuropsychological functions in children with reading disability. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 43(4), 315–322.
Orlando, P. C., & Rivera, R. O. (2004). Neurofeedback for Elementary Students with Identified Learning Problems. Journal of Neurotherapy, 8(2), 5–19.
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Pulvermüller, F., Mohr, B., Schleichert, H., & Veit, R. (2000). Operant conditioning of left-hemispheric slow cortical potentials and its effect on word processing. Biological psychology, 53(2-3), 177–215.
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Surmeli, T., & Ertem, A. (2010). Post WISC-R and TOVA improvement with QEEG guided neurofeedback training in mentally retarded: a clinical case series of behavioral problems. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 41(1), 32–41.
Tansey M. A. (1984). EEG sensorimotor rhythm biofeedback training: some effects on the neurologic precursors of learning disabilities. International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 1(2), 163–177.
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Tansey, M. A., & Bruner, R. L. (1983). EMG and EEG biofeedback training in the treatment of a 10-year-old hyperactive boy with a developmental reading disorder. Biofeedback and self-regulation, 8(1), 25–37.
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Thornton, K. E., & Carmody, D. P. (2005). Electroencephalogram biofeedback for reading disability and traumatic brain injury. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America, 14(1), 137–vii.
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Arina, G.A., Dobrushina, O.R., Shvetsova, E.T., Osina, E.D., Meshkov, G.A., Aziatskaya, G.A., Trofimova, A.K., Efremova, I.N., Martunov, S.E. & Nikolaeva, V.V. (2022). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback in Tension-Type Headache: A Cross-Over Sham-Controlled Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:891323. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.891323
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Carmen, J. A. (2005). Passive Infrared Hemoencephalography: Four Years and 100 Migraines. Journal of Neurotherapy, 8(3), 23–51.
https://www.isnr-jnt.org/article/view/16868
Dobrushina, O., Arina, G., Osina, E., & Aziatskaya, G. (2017). Clinical and Psychological Confirmation of Stabilizing Effect of Neurofeedback in Migraine. European Psychiatry, 41(S1), S253–S253. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.045
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924933817323167#preview-section-abstract
Legarda S.B., Michas-Martin P.A. and McDermott D. (2022). Remediating Intractable Headache: An Effective Nonpharmacological Approach Employing Infralow Frequency Neuromodulation. Front.Hum.Neurosci.16:894856. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.894856
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Stokes, D. A., & Lappin, M. S. (2010). Neurofeedback and biofeedback with 37 migraineurs: a clinical outcome study. Behavioral and brain functions : BBF, 6, 9.
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Walker J. E. (2011). QEEG-guided neurofeedback for recurrent migraine headaches. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 42(1), 59–61.
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Dobrushina, O. R., Varako, N. A., Kovyazina, M. S. & Zinchenko, Y. P. (2016): Combination of Neurofeedback and cognitive training in attention deficit due to multiple sclerosis. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 108, 118.
https://istina.ficp.ac.ru/publications/article/31813909/
Hammond, D.C. (2002). Neurofeedback with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
Prichep, L. S., Mas, F., Hollander, E., Liebowitz, M., John, E. R., Almas, M., DeCaria, C. M., & Levine, R. H. (1993). Quantitative electroencephalographic subtyping of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry research, 50(1), 25–32.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0925492793900219?via%3Dihub
Rance, M., Zhao, Z., Zaboski, B., Kichuk, S. A., Romaker, E., Koller, W. N., Walsh, C., Harris-Starling, C., Wasylink, S., Adams, T., Jr, Gruner, P., Pittenger, C., & Hampson, M. (2023). Neurofeedback for obsessive compulsive disorder: A randomized, double-blind trial. Psychiatry research,328, 115458.
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Orakpo N., Yuan C., Olukitibi O., Burdette J. and Arrington K. (2022). Does Virtual Reality Feedback at Infra-Low Frequency Improve Centralized Pain With Comorbid Insomnia While Mitigating Risks for Sedative Use Disorder?: A Case Report. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:915376. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.915376
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Orakpo, N., Vieux, U. & Castro-Nunez, C. (2021). Case Report: Virtual Reality Neurofeedback Therapy as a Novel Modality for Sustained Analgesia in Centralized Pain Syndromes. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 418. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660105
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660105/full
Legarda S.B., Michas-Martin, P.A. and McDermott, D. (2022). Managing Intractable Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease: A Nonsurgical Approach Employing Infralow Frequency Neuromodulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:894781. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.894781
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD), TRAUMA RESOLUTION
Askovic, M., Soh, N., Elhindi, J., & Harris, A. W. F. (2023). Neurofeedback for post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and neurophysiological outcomes. European journal of psychotraumatology, 14(2), 2257435.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/20008066.2023.2257435?needAccess=true
Black, L.M., Hudspeth, W.J., Townsend, A.L., Bodenhamer-Davis, E. (2008). EEG Connectivity Patterns in Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Multivariate Application Considering Curvature of Brain Space, Journal of Neurotherapy: Investigations in Neuromodulation, Neurofeedback and Applied Neuroscience, 12:2-3, 141-160, DOI: 10.1080/10874200802398808
https://isnr-jnt.org/article/view/16675
Bracciano, A.G., Chang, W-P., Kokesh, S., Martinez, A., Meier, M., & Moore, K. (2012). Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study of Two Military Veterans, Journal of Neurotherapy: Investigations in Neuromodulation, Neurofeedback and Applied Neuroscience, 16:1, 60-69, DOI: 10.1080/10874208.2012.650100
https://www.isnr-jnt.org/article/view/16546
Dahl, M. G. (2020). Neurofeedback with PTSD and traumatic brain injury. In H. W. Kirk (Ed.), Restoring the brain:Neurofeedback as an integrative approach to health (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge, pp.256-284.
Gapen, M., van der Kolk, B. A., Hamlin, E., Hirshberg, L., Suvak, M., &Spinazzola, J. (2016). A Pilot Study of Neurofeedback for Chronic PTSD. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 41(3), 251–261.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291328520_A_Pilot_Study_of_Neurofeedback_for_Chronic_PTSD
Gerge, A. (2020). A multifaceted case-vignette integrating neurofeedback and EMDR in the treatment of complex PTSD. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(3), 100157.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2468749920300272
Kelson, C. Y. (2013). The Impact of EEG Biofeedback on Veterans’ Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The Chicago School of Professional Psychology ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2013. 3606174.
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1492137060?pq-origsite=gscholar
Kirk H.W. & Dahl M.G. (2022). Infra Low Frequency Neurofeedback Training for Trauma Recovery: A Case Report. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:905823. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.905823
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9376603/pdf/fnhum-16-905823.pdf
Metso, F. J. & Duberg, K. (2016). Can neurofeedback reduce PTSD symptoms in severely traumatized refugees? Stockholm, Sweden: RödaKorsets Center för torerade flykingar. (Red Cross Center for Tortured Refugees).
https://www.eeginfo.com/research/researchpapers/RodaKorset_update%20graphics%20corrected.pdf
Nelson, D. V., & Esty, M. L. (2012). Neurotherapy of traumatic brain injury/posttraumatic stress symptoms in OEF/OIF veterans. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 24(2), 237–240.
https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/epdf/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11020041
Nicholson, A. A., Ros, T., Densmore, M., Frewen, P. A., Neufeld, R. W. J., Théberge, J., Jetly, R., & Lanius, R. A. (2020). A randomized, controlled trial of alpha-rhythm EEG neurofeedback in posttraumatic stress disorder: A preliminary investigation showing evidence of decreased PTSD symptoms and restored default mode and salience network connectivity using fMRI. NeuroImage. Clinical, 28, 102490.
Nilsson, R. M. & Nilsson, V. (2014). Neurofeedback Treatment for Traumatized Refugees - A Pilot Study. Master thesis, Dept. of Psychology, Lund University.
https://scispace.com/pdf/neurofeedback-treatment-for-traumatized-refugees-a-pilot-1sprpeocl7.pdf
Othmer, S. (2008). EEG Feedback for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). EEG Info Newsletter - April 21.
https://news.eeginfo.com/eeg-feedback-for-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/
Othmer, S. (2009). Recovery from PTSD: A Vietnam Veteran. EEG Info Newsletter - February 19.
https://news.eeginfo.com/recovery-from-ptsd-a-vietnam-veteran/
Othmer, S., & Othmer, S. (2009). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder—The Neurofeedback Remedy. Biofeedback, 37(1), 24–31.
Othmer, S. & Othmer, S. F. (2009). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder—The Neurofeedback Remedy. Biofeedback 37, 24–31.
https://www.eeginfo.com/research/researchpapers/Clinical.NF.Training.Brain.Behavior.pdf
Othmer, S. (2012). Remediation of PTSD using Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback Training. EEG Info Newsletter - March 7.
https://news.eeginfo.com/remediation-of-ptsd-using-infra-low-frequency-neurofeedback-training/
Othmer, S. & Othmer, S. (2021). The Evolution of a Trauma Protocol Over a Quarter Century.
https://www.eeginfo.com/research/researchpapers/Evolution-of-a-Trauma-Protocol-Quarter-Century.pdf
Peniston, E.O. The Peniston-Kulkosky Brainwave Neurofeedback Therapeutic Protocol: The Future Psychotherapy for Alcoholism/PTSD/Behavioral Medicine.
Pop-Jordanova, N., & Zorcec, T. (2004). Child trauma, attachment and biofeedback mitigation. Prilozi, 25(1-2), 103–114.
https://atouchofwellness.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Developmental-Trauma.pdf
Spreyermann, R. (2022). Case Report: Infra-Low-Frequency Neurofeedback for PTSD: A Therapist’s Perspective. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:893830. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.893830
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9170915/pdf/fnhum-16-893830.pdf
Voigt, J. D., Mosier, M., & Tendler, A. (2024). Systematic review and meta-analysis of neurofeedback and its effect on posttraumatic stress disorder. Frontiers in psychiatry, 15, 1323485.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1323485/full
Winkeler A., Winkeler M. and Imgart H. (2022). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Patients With Chronic Eating Disorder and Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:890682. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.890682
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9121895/pdf/fnhum-16-890682.pdf
Bolea, A. S. (2010). Neurofeedback treatment of chronic inpatient schizophrenia. Journal of Neurotherapy, 14(1), 47–54.
https://www.isnr-jnt.org/article/view/16626
McCarthy-Jones, S. (2012). Taking back the brain: could neurofeedback training be effective for relieving distressing auditory verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia?. Schizophrenia bulletin, 38(4), 678–682.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3406539/
Nestoros, J.N. and Vallianatou, N.G. (2022). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback rapidly ameliorates schizophrenia symptoms: A case report of the first session. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:923695. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.923695
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9532604/pdf/fnhum-16-923695.pdf
Schneider, F., Rockstroh, B., Heimann, H., Lutzenberger, W., Mattes, R., Elbert, T., Birbaumer, N., & Bartels, M. (1992). Self-regulation of slow cortical potentials in psychiatric patients: schizophrenia. Biofeedback and self-regulation, 17(4), 277–292.
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Surmeli, T., Ertem, A., Eralp, E., & Kos, I. H. (2012). Schizophrenia and the efficacy of qEEG-guided neurofeedback treatment: a clinical case series. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 43(2), 133–144.
Zeltser, A., Ochneva, A., Riabinina, D., Zakurazhnaya, V., Tsurina, A., Golubeva, E., Berdalin, A., Andreyuk, D., Leonteva, E., Kostyuk, G., & Morozova, A. (2024). EEG Techniques with Brain Activity Localization, Specifically LORETA, and Its Applicability in Monitoring Schizophrenia. Journal of clinical medicine, 13(17), 5108.
Knežević, B. (2024). Neurofeedback Treatment – Application in Speech and Language Therapy, Logopedija, 14(1), 23-31. doi: 10.31299/log.14.1.3 (In Croatian language)
https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/463931
Pulvermüller, F., Mohr, B., Schleichert, H., & Veit, R. (2000). Operant conditioning of left-hemispheric slow cortical potentials and its effect on word processing. Biological psychology, 53(2-3), 177–215.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301051100000466?via%3Dihub
https://www.isnr-jnt.org/article/view/17131
Cannon, K. B., Sherlin, L., & Lyle, R. R. (2010). Neurofeedback efficacy in the treatment of a 43-year-old female stroke victim: a case study. Journal of Neurotherapy, 14(2), 107–121.
https://www.isnr-jnt.org/article/view/16615
Busse, M., Low, Y. F., Corona-Strauss, F. I., Delb, W., & Strauss, D. J. (2008). Neurofeedback by neural correlates of auditory selective attention as possible application for tinnitus therapies. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference, 2008, 5136–5139.
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Güntensperger, D. (2018). Treatment of chronic tinnitus with neurofeedback. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Zurich).
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Güntensperger, D., Thüring, C., Meyer, M., Neff, P. Kleinjung, T. (2017). Neurofeedback for Tinnitus Treatment - Review and Current Concepts. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9,386.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/aging-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00386/full
TOURETTE SYNDROME, TIC DISORDERS
Solberg, B., & Solberg, E. (2022). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in application to Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders: A clinical case series. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 16, 891924.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2022.891924/full
Cui, Y., Jin, Z., Chen, X., He, Y., Liang, X., & Zheng, Y. (2014). Abnormal baseline brain activity in drug-naïve patients with Tourette syndrome: a resting-state fMRI study. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 7, 913.
Solberg, B. & Solberg, E. (2022). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in application to Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders: A clinical case series. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:891924. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.891924
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9425453/pdf/fnhum-16-891924.pdf
Tansey M. A. (1986). A simple and a complex tic (Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome): their response to EEG sensorimotor rhythm biofeedback training. International journal of psychophysiology: official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 4(2), 91–97.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0167876086900024?via%3Dihub
Sasu, R. (2022). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in persistent postural-perceptual dizziness—Case report. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:959579. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.959579
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9352934/pdf/fnhum-16-959579.pdf
Quantitative Electroencephalography (qEEG) Research
Quantitative Electroencephalography (qEEG) is the 3D Brain Mapping that we offer. We can create customized treatment protocols with this information and address your brain’s exact needs in real time.
Anxiety
Dementia
Depression
ANXIETY
Abdian H, Rezaei M, Eskandari Z, Ramezani S, Pirzeh R, Dadashi M. The Effect of Quantitative Electroencephalography-Based Neurofeedback Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, and Emotion Regulation in People with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2021 Mar-Apr;12(2):281-290. doi: 10.32598/bcn.12.2.2378.1. Epub 2021 Mar 1. PMID: 34925724; PMCID: PMC8672673.
ABSTRACT: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most common anxiety
disorders that has significant adverse effects on social functioning, occupational/academic
performance, and daily living. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Quantitative
Electroencephalography (QEEG)-based Neurofeedback (NFB) therapy on anxiety, depression,
and emotion regulation of people with GAD. Conclusion: QEEG-based NFB therapy can reduce anxiety and depression and improve emotion regulation in patients with GAD.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8672673/pdf/BCN-12-281.pdf
Kopańska, M., Ochojska, D., Dejnowicz-Velitchkov, A., & Banaś-Ząbczyk, A. (2022). Quantitative Electroencephalography (QEEG) as an Innovative Diagnostic Tool in Mental Disorders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2465.
ABSTRACT: Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) is becoming an increasingly common method of diagnosing neurological disorders and, following the recommendations of The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) and the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (ACNS), it can be used as a complementary method in the diagnosis of epilepsy, vascular diseases, dementia, and encephalopathy. However, few studies are confirming the importance of QEEG in the diagnosis of mental disorders and changes occurring as a result of therapy; hence, there is a need for analyses in this area. The aim of the study is analysis of the usefulness of QEEG in the diagnosis of people with generalized anxiety disorders. Our research takes the form of case studies. The paper presents an in-depth analysis of the QEEG results of five recently studied people with a psychiatric diagnosis: generalized anxiety disorder. The results show specific pattern amplitudes at C3 and C4. In all of the examined patients, two dependencies are repeated: low contribution of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) wave amplitudes and high beta2 wave amplitudes, higher or equal to the alpha amplitudes. The QEEG study provides important information about the specificity of brain waves of people with generalized anxiety disorder; therefore, it enables the preliminary and quick diagnosis of dysfunction. It is also possible to monitor changes due to QEEG, occurring as a result of psychotherapy, pharmacological therapy and EEG-biofeedback.
DEMENTIA
Deslandes, A., Veiga, H., Cagy, M., Fiszman, A., Piedade, R., & Ribeiro, P. (2004). Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) to discriminate primary degenerative dementia from major depressive disorder (depression). Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 62(1), 44–50.
ABSTRACT: Electroencephalography (EEG) can be a valuable technique to assess electrophysiological changes related to dementia. In patients suspected of having dementia, the EEG is often quite informative. The sensitivity of the EEG to detect correlates of psychiatric disorders has been enhanced by means of quantitative methods of analysis (quantitative EEG). Quantitative features are extracted from, at least, 2 minutes of artifact-free, eyes closed, resting EEG, log-transformed to obtain Gaussianity, age-regressed, and Z-transformed relative to population norms (Neurometrics database). Using a subset of quantitative EEG (qEEG) features, forward stepwise discriminant analyses are used to construct classifier functions. Along this vein, the main objective of this experiment is to distinguish profiles of qEEG, which differentiate depressive from demented patients (n = 125). The results showed that demented patients present deviations above the control group in variables associated to slow rhythms: Normed Monopolar Relative Power Theta for Cz and Normed Bipolar Relative Power Theta for Head. On the other hand, the deviation below the control group occurs with the variable associated to alpha rhythm: Normed Monopolar Relative Power Alpha for P3, in dementia. Using this method, the present investigation demonstrated high discriminant accuracy in separating Primary Degenerative Dementia from Major Depressive Disorder (Depression).
https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/HpcrC56pb9GNPFBfnZbhwGm/?lang=en
DEPRESSION
Abdian H, Rezaei M, Eskandari Z, Ramezani S, Pirzeh R, Dadashi M. The Effect of Quantitative Electroencephalography-Based Neurofeedback Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, and Emotion Regulation in People with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2021 Mar-Apr;12(2):281-290. doi: 10.32598/bcn.12.2.2378.1. Epub 2021 Mar 1. PMID: 34925724; PMCID: PMC8672673.
ABSTRACT: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most common anxiety
disorders that has significant adverse effects on social functioning, occupational/academic
performance, and daily living. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Quantitative
Electroencephalography (QEEG)-based Neurofeedback (NFB) therapy on anxiety, depression,
and emotion regulation of people with GAD. Conclusion: QEEG-based NFB therapy can reduce anxiety and depression and improve emotion regulation in patients with GAD.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8672673/pdf/BCN-12-281.pdf
McVoy, M., Chumachenko, S., Briggs, F., Kaffashi, F., & Loparo, K. (2022). A Predictive Biomarker Model Using Quantitative Electroencephalography in Adolescent Major Depressive Disorder. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 32(9), 460–466.
ABSTRACT: With evolving understanding of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment, demand for biomarkers for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents has grown dramatically. This study utilized quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) to develop a predictive model for adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD). We hypothesized that youth with MDD compared to healthy controls (HCs) could be differentiated using a singular logistic regression model that utilized qEEG data alone. Conclusions:
We replicated our previous findings of qEEG differences between adolescents and HCs and successfully developed a single-value predictive model with a robust ROC area. Furthermore, the brain areas involved in behavioral disinhibition and resting state/default mode networks were again shown to be involved in the observed differences. Thus, qEEG appears to be a potential low-cost and effective intermediate biomarker for MDD in youth.